Related Articles Role of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels and vitamin D receptor gene polymorphisms in patients with rosacea: a case-control study. Clin Exp Dermatol. 2018 Sep 23;: Authors: Akdogan N, Alli N, Incel Uysal P, Candar T Abstract
BACKGROUND: Vitamin D has significant effects on the immune system and thereby on the pathogenesis of rosacea. However, there is a lack of information on the vitamin D status and vitamin D receptors (VDRs) of patients with rosacea.
AIM: To evaluate the role of vitamin D in rosacea susceptibility.
METHODS: A case-control study was conducted, enrolling patients with rosacea and healthy controls (HCs). Five VDR gene single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) (Cdx2, FokI, ApaI, BsmI and TaqI) and serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 [25(OH)D3 ] levels were compared between patients and HCs.
RESULTS: The study enrolled 60 patients (M/F: 14/46) and 60 age- and sex-matched HCs (M/F: 14/46). Age (mean ± SD) was 48 ± 11 years for both groups. The serum 25(OH)D3 levels (median ± interquartile range) were higher in patients with rosacea (12.9 ± 6.8 ng/mL) than in HCs (10.5 ± 3.7 ng/mL) (P < 0.001). Subjects with high serum 25(OH)D3 levels had a 1.36-fold increased risk of rosacea (95% CI 1.17-1.58). Heterozygous and mutant ApaI polymorphisms increased rosacea risk by 5.26-fold (95% CI 1.51-18.35) and 3.69-fold (95% CI 1.19-11.48), respectively, whereas mutant TaqI polymorphisms decreased the risk by 4.69 times (95% CI 1.37-16.67). Heterozygosity for Cdx2 alleles increased rosacea risk, whereas wildtype ApaI and mutant TaqI alleles decreased it.
CONCLUSIONS: The present study suggests that an increase in vitamin D levels may contribute to the development of rosacea. ApaI and TaqI polymorphisms, and heterozygous Cdx2, wildtype ApaI and mutant TaqI alleles were significantly associated with rosacea. These results indicate a possible role of vitamin D and VDR pathways in the pathogenesis of rosacea, although causality could not be assessed.
PMID: 30246390 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] {url} = URL to article

Global Epidemiology and Clinical Spectrum of Rosacea, Highlighting Skin of Color: Review and Clinical Practice Experience. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2018 Sep 18;: Authors: Alexis AF, Callender VD, Baldwin HE, Desai SR, Rendon MI, Taylor SC Abstract
Among individuals with skin of color, rosacea has been reported less frequently than in those with white skin, but it is not a rare disease. In fact, rosacea may be underreported and underdiagnosed in populations with skin of color because of the difficulty of discerning erythema and telangiectasia in dark skin, as well as underestimation of the susceptibility of more highly pigmented skin to dermatologic conditions like rosacea whose triggers include sun exposure. Many people with skin of color who have rosacea may experience delayed diagnosis leading to inappropriate or inadequate treatment, greater morbidity, and uncontrolled, progressive disease with disfiguring manifestations, including phymatous rosacea. This paper reviews the epidemiology of rosacea in skin of color and highlights variations in the clinical presentation of rosacea across the diverse spectrum of patient populations affected. It presents strategies to aid in the timely diagnosis and effective treatment of rosacea in patients with skin of color, with an aim of promoting increased awareness of rosacea in these patients and reducing disparities in the management of their disease.
PMID: 30240779 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] {url} = URL to article

Full Text The four components of this treatment are: (1) Dextran sulfate is an anionic polymer of sulfated glucose [1] Dextran sulfate contains approximately 17% sulfur which is equivalent to approximately 2.3 sulfate groups per glucosyl residue. [2]  (2) 4-t-butylcyclohexanol  [BCH; TRP-regulin ®] [3] (3) pongamia oil [4] (4) hesperidin methyl chalcone [HMC] [5] Some of the products mentioned in the above post, "Avène redness-relief cosmetic products for sensitive skin prone to redness" are:  
Eau Thermale Avène Antirougeurs Clean Redness-Relief Refreshing Cleansing Lotion
Eau Thermale Avène Tolérance Extrême Emulsion
Eau Thermale Avène Antirougeurs Calm Soothing Repair Mask
Eau Thermale Avène Xeracalm A.D Lipid-Replenishing Cleansing Oil
Eau Thermale Avène Skin Recovery Cream
Eau Thermale Avène Cicalfate Restorative Skin Cream
Eau Thermale Avène Extremely Gentle Cleanser Lotion
Eau Thermale Avène Antirougeurs Dermo Cleansing Milk
Eau Thermale Avène Antirougeurs Day Redness Relief Soothing SPF 25 Cream
Eau Thermale Avène Antirougeurs Fort Relief Concentrate End Notes  [1] Dextran Sulfate, Sodium Salt (CAS 9011-18-1), Santa Cruz Biotechnology [2] Dextran Sulfate, Sigma Aldrich, Millipore Sigma [3] PubChem, Sigma Aldrich, ChemSpider, Paula's Choice, Safety Data Sheet, Effective treatment for sensitive skin: 4-t-butylcyclohexanol and licochalcone A [4] derived from the seeds of the Millettia pinnata tree [5] Paula's Choice, Truth in Aging, Douglas Laboratories, 

Effects of dextran sulfate, 4-t-butylcyclohexanol, pongamia oil and hesperidin methyl chalcone on inflammatory and vascular responses implicated in rosacea. Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol. 2018;11:421-429 Authors: Hernandez-Pigeon H, Garidou L, Galliano MF, Delga H, Aries MF, Duplan H, Bessou-Touya S, Castex-Rizzi N Abstract
Background: Rosacea is a chronic facial skin disorder characterized by inflammation and vascular abnormalities. The pathophysiology of rosacea involves increased activation of the capsaicin receptor, TRPV1, the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) pathway, and cathelicidin LL-37, MMP-9, and KLKs. We evaluated the activity of four compounds (dextran sulfate, 4-t-butylcyclohexanol [BCH; TRP-regulin®], pongamia oil, and hesperidin methyl chalcone [HMC]) on inflammatory and vascular responses implicated in rosacea.
Materials and methods: The anti-inflammatory activity of dextran sulfate was evaluated on PGE2 production after PMA stimulation of NCTC-2544 keratinocytes, and on normal human epidermal keratinocytes (NHEKs) after proinflammatory stimulation to mimic a rosacea environment. The anti-angiogenic activity of dextran sulfate was measured by analyzing pseudotube formation in co-cultured human microvascular endothelial cells/normal human dermal fibroblasts. HMC modulation of vascular responses and IL-8 cytokine production after SP stimulation was evaluated in human skin explants. We also assessed the effect of BCH on TRPV1 activation, and the effect of combined BCH and pongamia oil on the inflammatory response of NHEKs.
Results: Dextran sulfate strongly and significantly inhibited PMA-induced PGE2 production, inhibited KLK5 and MMP-9 mRNA expression, and IL-8, IL-1α and VEGF production, and displayed a highly significant inhibitory effect on VEGF-induced pseudotube formation. In SP-stimulated human skin explants, HMC significantly decreased the proportion of dilated vessels, total vessel area, and IL-8 production. BCH significantly and dose-dependently inhibited TRPV1 activation, and BCH and pongamia oil inhibited CXCL1 and CXCL6 mRNA expression and IL-8 production in NHEKs. Combined BCH/pongamia oil inhibited IL-8 production synergistically.
Conclusion: These in vitro results showed that dextran sulfate, BCH, pongamia oil and HMC, possess complementary soothing and anti-redness properties, supporting their combination in Avène redness-relief cosmetic products for sensitive skin prone to redness, and for topical adjunctive rosacea treatment.
PMID: 30233225 [PubMed] {url} = URL to article

One paper links Fungal keratitis associated with ocular rosacea