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PeerJ. 2023 Sep 26;11:e15976. doi: 10.7717/peerj.15976. eCollection 2023.

ABSTRACT

Rosacea is a chronic inflammatory skin disease originated from damaged skin barrier and innate/adaptive immune dysregulation. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) sense injured skin and initiate downstream inflammatory and immune responses, whose role in rosacea is not fully understood. Here, via RNA-sequencing analysis, we found that the TLR signaling pathway is the top-ranked signaling pathway enriched in rosacea skin lesions, in which TLR7 is highlighted and positively correlated with the inflammation severity of disease. In LL37-induced rosacea-like mouse models, silencing TLR7 prevented the development of rosacea-like skin inflammation. Specifically, we demonstrated that overexpressing TLR7 in keratinocytes stimulates rapamycin-sensitive mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1) pathway via NFκB signaling. Ultimately, TLR7/NFκ B/mTORC1 axis promotes the production of cytokines and chemokines, leading to the migration of CD4⁺T cells, which are infiltrated in the lesional skin of rosacea. Our report reveals the crucial role of TLR7 in rosacea pathogenesis and indicatesa promising candidate for rosacea treatments.

PMID:37780385 | PMC:PMC10540772 | DOI:10.7717/peerj.15976

JAAD Case Rep. 2023 Aug 25;40:89-91. doi: 10.1016/j.jdcr.2023.08.017. eCollection 2023 Oct.

NO ABSTRACT

PMID:37771357 | PMC:PMC10523424 | DOI:10.1016/j.jdcr.2023.08.017

JAAD Case Rep. 2023 Aug 30;40:103-105. doi: 10.1016/j.jdcr.2023.08.022. eCollection 2023 Oct.

NO ABSTRACT

PMID:37771359 | PMC:PMC10523418 | DOI:10.1016/j.jdcr.2023.08.022

J Am Acad Dermatol. 2023 Sep 26:S0190-9622(23)02859-1. doi: 10.1016/j.jaad.2023.09.045. Online ahead of print.

NO ABSTRACT

PMID:37769904 | DOI:10.1016/j.jaad.2023.09.045

NPJ Digit Med. 2023 Sep 27;6(1):180. doi: 10.1038/s41746-023-00914-8.

ABSTRACT

Skin diseases affect one-third of the global population, posing a major healthcare burden. Deep learning may optimise healthcare workflows through processing skin images via neural networks to make predictions. A focus of deep learning research is skin lesion triage to detect cancer, but this may not translate to the wider scope of >2000 other skin diseases. We searched for studies applying deep learning to skin images, excluding benign/malignant lesions (1/1/2000-23/6/2022, PROSPERO CRD42022309935). The primary outcome was accuracy of deep learning algorithms in disease diagnosis or severity assessment. We modified QUADAS-2 for quality assessment. Of 13,857 references identified, 64 were included. The most studied diseases were acne, psoriasis, eczema, rosacea, vitiligo, urticaria. Deep learning algorithms had high specificity and variable sensitivity in diagnosing these conditions. Accuracy of algorithms in diagnosing acne (median 94%, IQR 86-98; n = 11), rosacea (94%, 90-97; n = 4), eczema (93%, 90-99; n = 9) and psoriasis (89%, 78-92; n = 8) was high. Accuracy for grading severity was highest for psoriasis (range 93-100%, n = 2), eczema (88%, n = 1), and acne (67-86%, n = 4). However, 59 (92%) studies had high risk-of-bias judgements and 62 (97%) had high-level applicability concerns. Only 12 (19%) reported participant ethnicity/skin type. Twenty-four (37.5%) evaluated the algorithm in an independent dataset, clinical setting or prospectively. These data indicate potential of deep learning image analysis in diagnosing and monitoring common skin diseases. Current research has important methodological/reporting limitations. Real-world, prospectively-acquired image datasets with external validation/testing will advance deep learning beyond the current experimental phase towards clinically-useful tools to mitigate rising health and cost impacts of skin disease.

PMID:37758829 | PMC:PMC10533565 | DOI:10.1038/s41746-023-00914-8

Health Sci Rep. 2023 Sep 25;6(9):e1576. doi: 10.1002/hsr2.1576. eCollection 2023 Sep.

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a well-known noncommunicable disease that plays a significant role in emerging other chronic disorders and following complications. MetS is also involved in the pathophysiology of numerous dermatological diseases. We aim to evaluate the association of MetS with the most prevalent dermatological diseases.

METHODS: A systematic search was carried out on PubMed, Science Direct, Web of Science, Cochrane, as well as the Google Scholar search engine. Only English case-control studies regarding MetS and any skin disease from the beginning of 2010 up to November 15, 2022, were selected. The study was conducted based on the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA).

RESULTS: A total of 37 studies (13,830 participants) met the inclusion criteria. According to our result, patients with psoriasis, hidradenitis suppurativa (HS), vitiligo, androgenetic alopecia (AGA), and lichen planus (LP) have a higher chance of having MetS compared to the general population. Furthermore, people with seborrheic dermatitis (SED) and rosacea are more prone to insulin resistance, high blood pressure (BP), and higher blood lipids. After pooling data, the meta-analysis revealed a significant association between MetS and skin diseases (pooled odds ratio [OR]: 3.28, 95% confidence interval: 2.62-4.10). Concerning the type of disease, MetS has been correlated with AGA (OR: 11.86), HS (OR: 4.46), LP (OR: 3.79), and SED (OR: 2.45). Psoriasis also showed a significant association but with high heterogeneity (OR: 2.89). Moreover, skin diseases and MetS are strongly associated in Spain (OR: 5.25) and Thailand (OR: 11.86). Regarding the metaregression model, the effect size was reduced with increasing age (OR: 0.965), while the size increased with AGA (OR: 3.064).

CONCLUSIONS: MetS is closely associated with skin complications. Dermatologists and other multidisciplinary teams should be cautious while treating these patients to prevent severe complications resulting from MetS.

PMID:37752973 | PMC:PMC10519158 | DOI:10.1002/hsr2.1576

Skin Res Technol. 2023 Sep;29(9):e13411. doi: 10.1111/srt.13411.

NO ABSTRACT

PMID:37753697 | DOI:10.1111/srt.13411

JMIR Dermatol. 2023 Sep 25;6:e49070. doi: 10.2196/49070.

ABSTRACT

Case reports serve many functions in the medical literature. We explore patient demographics in case reports for common inflammatory skin diseases.

PMID:37747769 | DOI:10.2196/49070

Probl Sotsialnoi Gig Zdravookhranenniiai Istor Med. 2023 Aug;31(Special Issue 1):881-886. doi: 10.32687/0869-866X-2023-31-s1-881-886.

ABSTRACT

Currently, there is an urgent need for global research to develop a modern comprehensive study of rosacea, including its pathogenesis, risk factors, association of rosacea subtypes with concomitant diseases. The most relevant research studies the role of immunity and microorganisms in the pathogenesis of rosacea. To elucidate the features of the comorbidity of rosacea and somatic diseases, studies in various populations with detailed clinical data and a longer follow-up period are important. At the same time, it is important to understand the relationship between the severity and severity of various clinical symptoms of rosacea, the mechanisms that regulate the progression of the process, the combination of rosacea subtypes and the course of the disease in association with other forms of pathological disorders.

PMID:37742268 | DOI:10.32687/0869-866X-2023-31-s1-881-886

Cureus. 2023 Sep 17;15(9):e45391. doi: 10.7759/cureus.45391. eCollection 2023 Sep.

ABSTRACT

Granulomatous rosacea is a chronic inflammatory skin disease. We present the case of a 30-year-old woman with a three-month history of erythematous monomorphic papules and nodules on the cheeks and forehead. Histopathological examinations revealed tuberculoid granulomas with multinucleated giant cells. Granulomatous rosacea should be differentiated from other similar granulomatous skin diseases such as cutaneous sarcoidosis and Lupus miliaris disseminates faciei.

PMID:37724096 | PMC:PMC10505268 | DOI:10.7759/cureus.45391

Front Med (Lausanne). 2023 Sep 1;10:1239869. doi: 10.3389/fmed.2023.1239869. eCollection 2023.

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Steroid-induced rosacea is a severe withdrawal reaction which can occur after the frequent and excessive topical use of steroids on the face. The Janus kinase (JAK)-signal transducers and activators of transcription signaling pathway is involved in many biological processes and may play a role in the development of steroid-induced rosacea.

OBJECTIVE: To observe the efficacy and safety of the JAK1 inhibitor abrocitinib in the treatment of steroid-induced rosacea.

METHODS: Four Chinese female patients were treated with orally-administered abrocitinib, a selective JAK1 inhibitor with a good safety profile, for steroid-induced rosacea.

RESULTS: Abrocitinib treatment resulted in improved skin condition and lowered Dermatology Life Quality Index scores in each of the four patients. No discomfort was reported and no adverse effects were observed.

CONCLUSION: The JAK1 inhibitor abrocitinib is a promising potential treatment for steroid-induced rosacea.

PMID:37724178 | PMC:PMC10505430 | DOI:10.3389/fmed.2023.1239869

Front Immunol. 2023 Aug 24;14:1211953. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1211953. eCollection 2023.

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION: Rosacea, a widespread chronic skin condition, may be influenced by macrophages, key immune cells in the skin, although their exact role is not yet fully understood. This review delves into the function of macrophages, their potential contribution to rosacea pathogenesis, current treatments, and promising macrophage-targeted therapies. It concludes by identifying knowledge gaps and potential areas for future rosacea research.

METHOD: Leveraging systematic and narrative literature review techniques, we conducted a comprehensive search of databases such as PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science. Utilizing keywords like "rosacea" and "macrophages", we targeted English articles from the last 5 years (2018-2023). We manually checked reference lists of relevant articles for additional studies. We included only articles emphasizing macrophages' role in rosacea and/or the development of related therapies and published within the specified timeframe.

RESULTS: The systematic search of electronic databases yielded a total of 4,263 articles. After applying the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 156 articles were selected for inclusion in this review. These articles included original research studies, review articles, and clinical trials that focused on the role of macrophages in rosacea and/or the development of macrophage-targeted therapies for the disease. The selected articles provided a comprehensive and up-to-date overview of the current state of research on macrophages in rosacea, including their function in the skin, the potential mechanisms through which they may contribute to rosacea pathogenesis, and the current treatments and therapies available for the disease. Additionally, the articles identified gaps in knowledge regarding the role of macrophages in rosacea and suggested potential areas for future research.

CONCLUSION: This literature review emphasizes the important role that macrophages, vital immune cells in the skin, may play in the pathogenesis of rosacea, a common chronic inflammatory skin disorder. The selected studies suggest potential mechanisms by which these cells might contribute to rosacea progression, although these mechanisms are not yet fully understood. The studies also spotlight current rosacea treatments and illuminate the promising potential of new macrophage-focused therapies. Despite these insights, significant gaps persist in our understanding of the precise role of macrophages in rosacea. Future research in this area could provide further insights into the pathogenesis of rosacea and contribute to the development of more effective, targeted therapeutic strategies.

PMID:37691916 | PMC:PMC10484341 | DOI:10.3389/fimmu.2023.1211953

Arch Soc Esp Oftalmol (Engl Ed). 2023 Sep 9:S2173-5794(23)00149-4. doi: 10.1016/j.oftale.2023.09.001. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

Rosacea is a chronic and inflammatory disease that primarily affects the skin, although more than half of cases also present with ocular symptoms ranging from blepharitis to conjunctivitis and keratitis. It represents a frequent reason for consultation with a psychosocial impact, affecting quality of life, and requires management involving ophthalmologists, dermatologists, and primary care physicians. For this paper, a search was conducted in several databases, including Medline, Embase, Cochrane, and Google Scholar, using the MeSH term "rosacea" in conjunction with other relevant keywords such as "ocular rosacea", "management", "treatment", and "guidelines". Available articles were reviewed. International and local guidelines recommend initiating the management of rosacea with lifestyle changes, including ocular hygiene and avoidance of triggers. Topical or oral treatment is recommended as the next step, with topical cyclosporine, topical azithromycin, topical tacrolimus, and oral doxycycline being the treatments most supported by evidence. Combination treatments are also recommended. Current management guidelines mainly focus on cutaneous manifestations, generating few guidelines on ophthalmologic treatment, and most recommendations are issued by experts. This work compares local and international treatment guidelines for rosacea, as well as other available medical literature, and suggests a practical and interdisciplinary treatment scheme for ocular involvement based on the reviewed bibliography.

PMID:37696488 | DOI:10.1016/j.oftale.2023.09.001

Nutrients. 2023 Aug 30;15(17):3803. doi: 10.3390/nu15173803.

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Previous cross-sectional studies have failed to definitively establish a causal relationship between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25OHD) concentrations and the onset of rosacea.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the potential association between serum 25OHD levels, vitamin D receptor (VDR) polymorphisms, and the risk of developing incident rosacea.

METHODS: This cross-sectional population-based cohort study utilizing 370,209 individuals from the UK Biobank. Cox proportional hazard regression models and two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) analyses were applied to explore the causative relationship between 25OHD and incident rosacea.

RESULTS: Our findings revealed that elevated levels of serum 25OHD were inversely correlated with the risk of incident rosacea. Specifically, compared to participants with 25OHD levels below 25 nmol/L, the multivariate-adjusted HR for incident rosacea was 0.81 (95% CI: 0.70, 0.94) in those with 25OHD levels exceeding 50 nmol/L. Further, in comparison to individuals with serum 25OHD less than 25 nmol/L and the rs731236 (TaqI) AA allele, those with serum 25OHD higher than 75 nmol/L and the TaqI GG allele had a multivariate-adjusted HR of 0.51 (95% CI 0.32 to 0.81) for developing rosacea. Results from the MR study supported a significant association, with each standard deviation increase in serum 25OHD concentrations correlating to a 23% reduced risk of rosacea (HR = 0.77, 95% CI: 0.63, 0.93).

CONCLUSIONS: The findings of this cohort study indicate an inverse association between increased concentrations of serum 25OHD and the risk of developing incident rosacea. While our results highlight the potential protective role of vitamin D, the definitive efficacy of vitamin D supplementation as a preventive strategy against rosacea requires further investigation.

PMID:37686836 | PMC:PMC10489658 | DOI:10.3390/nu15173803

Sci Rep. 2023 Sep 9;13(1):14910. doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-42073-6.

ABSTRACT

The association between rosacea and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) has been studied in previous observational studies. It is unclear, however, whether the association is causal or not. Independent genetic variants for IBD were chosen as instruments from published Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) studies involving 38,155 cases with an IBD diagnosis and 48,485 controls in order to investigate the causal effect of IBD on rosacea. Summarized data for rosacea were gathered from various GWAS studies that included 1195 cases and 211,139 controls without rosacea. Reverse-direction Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis was done to investigate the relationship between genetically proxied rosacea and IBD. With the use of the inverse variance-weighted (IVW), MR-Egger, and weighted median approaches, a 2-sample Mendelian randomization study was carried out. Analysis of heterogeneity and sensitivity was performed to examine the pleiotropy and robustness of effect estimates. The forward-direction of the MR study was to reveal that genetic predisposition to IBD including its two main subtypes: Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC) was associated with an increased risk of rosacea. The reverse-direction MR analyses did not demonstrate that a genetic predisposition to rosacea was associated with total IBD, UC and CD. Our findings provided evidence for a causal impact of IBD, UC, and CD on rosacea, but not vice versa. The elevated incidence of rosacea in patients with IBD should be recognized by doctors to make an early diagnosis and initiate specialized therapy.

PMID:37689807 | PMC:PMC10492847 | DOI:10.1038/s41598-023-42073-6

Clin Ter. 2023 Sep-Oct;174(5):404-411. doi: 10.7417/CT.2023.2457.

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Understanding the connection between skin lesions and the pathology of internal organs and body systems that may have caused them is a prerequisite for successful cosmetic therapy.

AIM: The aim of this study was to analyze the influence of a patient's somatic pathology on the manifestation of skin abnormalities.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study was conducted according to a "case-control" design and was accompanied by a retrospective study of outpatient records of patients with the disease (group 1) and patients without it (control group). It is aimed at revealing the connection between a patient's skin manifestations and somatic pathology, as well as the effectiveness of therapeutic measures for the correction of such a condition.

RESULTS: Patients with acne and rosacea have a statistically signi-ficantly higher incidence of gastrointestinal diseases (in particular, gastritis caused by Helicobacter), diabetes mellitus, vitamin and micronutrient deficiencies, which significantly affects the effectiveness of their treatment and quality of life. In such chronic dermatoses, disruption of intestinal microbiocenosis can be considered as a co-morbid condition. Hyperpigmentation of patients' skin was caused by hormonal dysfunction (hyperestrogenism) and was accompanied by vitamin D deficiency.

CONCLUSIONS: In cosmetology practice, therapy of dermatoses should be individualized and based on the analysis of the course of the disease, considering the diagnosed dysfunctions of certain organs or systems that cause skin pathological changes, as well as the preva-lence and severity of dermatosis, presence of comorbid background and mental disorders. A holistic approach in the therapy of dermatoses involving a dermatologist, a psychologist, a cosmetologist, and specialized clinicians will ensure their effective treatment.

PMID:37674449 | DOI:10.7417/CT.2023.2457

Front Pain Res (Lausanne). 2023 Aug 22;4:1273636. doi: 10.3389/fpain.2023.1273636. eCollection 2023.

NO ABSTRACT

PMID:37674769 | PMC:PMC10478075 | DOI:10.3389/fpain.2023.1273636

Pediatr Dermatol. 2023 Sep 5. doi: 10.1111/pde.15420. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

Aseptic facial granuloma is a rare pediatric disease, presenting with asymptomatic facial nodules on the cheeks or the eyelids and may represent a form of granulomatous rosacea in children. In this retrospective case series, 12 children with aseptic facial granuloma were treated with oral macrolides (erythromycin or roxithromycin) resulting in a healing of the lesions within a mean treatment time of 5.25 months with no recurrences. The treatment was mainly well tolerated. Oral macrolides may be effective in the treatment of patients with aseptic facial granuloma.

PMID:37667982 | DOI:10.1111/pde.15420

Int J Dermatol. 2023 Sep 4. doi: 10.1111/ijd.16824. Online ahead of print.

NO ABSTRACT

PMID:37664996 | DOI:10.1111/ijd.16824

Clin Exp Dermatol. 2023 Sep 4:llad307. doi: 10.1093/ced/llad307. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

Rosacea is a common chronic inflammatory skin disease with a complex etiology and major psychological impact, rendering patients susceptible to misinformation. We aimed to assess the content of rosacea-related misinformation online. A formal review of PubMed was performed, using the terms 'rosacea' AND 'misinformation' OR 'disinformation' OR 'conspiracy theory', along with informal Google searches using combinations of these terms, and further targeted searches on Twitter, Facebook, Instagram, and TikTok. Key areas of misinformation identified in the search included mislabelling as adult acne; falsehoods about rosacea only occurring in older adults or in individuals with lightly pigmented skin; incorrect causes such as make-up or diet; and misleading 'cures', some of which may lead to exacerbation of the underlying rosacea. Dermatologists must be aware of the large amounts of rosacea misinformation trending online and be prepared to counteract them with evidence to optimize patient care.

PMID:37665965 | DOI:10.1093/ced/llad307

J Am Acad Dermatol. 2023 Sep 2:S0190-9622(23)02655-5. doi: 10.1016/j.jaad.2023.08.071. Online ahead of print.

NO ABSTRACT

PMID:37666419 | DOI:10.1016/j.jaad.2023.08.071

Drug Des Devel Ther. 2023 Aug 25;17:2573-2591. doi: 10.2147/DDDT.S427530. eCollection 2023.

ABSTRACT

In 1982, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) of the United States of America approved isotretinoin (13-cis-retinoic acid), a retinoid derivative of vitamin A, to treat severe recalcitrant acne vulgaris. Apart from its prescribed use for severe acne, evidence suggests that isotretinoin is commonly used off-label to treat mild-to-moderate acne, inflammatory skin conditions, genodermatoses, skin cancer, and other skin disorders. This is due to its anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, and antineoplastic properties. Some "off-label" use is successful, while others are ineffective. Therefore, this information is essential to clinicians for deciding on the appropriate use of isotretinoin. In this article, we aim to review the most updated evidence-based data about the use of oral isotretinoin in dermatology.

PMID:37649956 | PMC:PMC10464604 | DOI:10.2147/DDDT.S427530

Neurol Sci. 2023 Aug 30. doi: 10.1007/s10072-023-07039-6. Online ahead of print.

NO ABSTRACT

PMID:37646978 | DOI:10.1007/s10072-023-07039-6

J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2023 Aug 29. doi: 10.1111/jdv.19477. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Acne fulminans (AF) is a rare severe acne entity. Although occasionally reported, it is unclear whether AF development is associated with oral isotretinoin treatment.

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the occurrence of isotretinoin-associated AF, clinical characteristics and prognosis at follow-up.

METHODS: An international, multicentre, retrospective study was performed in eight hospitals following the call of the EADV Task Force on Acne, Rosacea and Hidradenitis Suppurativa (ARHS). Characteristics of patients treated with isotretinoin before the development of AF (isotretinoin-associated acne fulminans, IAF) were compared with non-IAF (NAF).

RESULTS: Forty-nine patients diagnosed with AF from 2008 to 2022 were included (mean age 16.4 years, SD 2.9, 77.6% male). Αrthralgias/arthritis occurred in 11 patients (22.9%). AF occurred without any previous acne treatment in 26.5% of the patients. Overall, 28 patients (57.1%) developed AF after oral isotretinoin intake (IAF group), while the remaining 21 patients (42.9%) developed AF without previous oral isotretinoin administration (NAF group). IAF occurred after a median duration of isotretinoin treatment of 45 days (IQR: 30, 90). Patients with IAF were more frequently male compared to patients with NAF (89.3% vs. 61.9%, respectively, p = 0.023). There were no differences in patients with IAF versus NAF in patient age, the duration of pre-existing acne, a family history of AF, the distribution of AF lesions or the presence of systemic symptoms or arthralgias. Regarding the management of AF, patients with IAF were treated more frequently with prednisolone (96.2%) compared to those with NAF (70%; p = 0.033) and less frequently with isotretinoin (32.1%) compared to NAF (85.7%; p < 0.001). At a median follow-up of 2.2 years, 76.4% of patients were free of AF and scarring was present in all patients.

CONCLUSIONS: No specific clinical or demographic characteristics of IAF compared with NAF could be detected, a fact that does not support IAF as a district clinical entity.

PMID:37643921 | DOI:10.1111/jdv.19477

J Clin Aesthet Dermatol. 2023 Aug;16(8):27-33.

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: We sought to assess the long-term safety and tolerability of microencapsulated benzoyl peroxide cream, 5% (E-BPO cream, 5%), in subjects with rosacea. Efficacy and tolerability have been previously demonstrated in two 12-week, randomized, double-blind, vehicle-controlled Phase III trials.

METHODS: In this open-label extension study (NCT03564145; clinicaltrials.gov), all subjects from the initial placebo-controlled Phase III trials could receive E-BPO cream, 5%, for up to an additional 40 weeks, up to a total of 52 weeks of E-BPO cream, 5%, exposure. If a subject was assessed at study visits as "clear" or "almost clear" using the 5-point Investigator Global Assessment (IGA) scale (IGA 0 or 1), E-BPO cream, 5%, was not dispensed. If a subject was assessed as "mild to severe" (IGA 2+), E-BPO cream, 5%, was applied daily until they reached "clear" or "almost clear."

RESULTS: The safety and tolerability profile for E-BPO cream, 5%, was similar to that reported in the Phase III studies. Five subjects (0.9%) discontinued study drug due to treatment-related adverse events, and 17 subjects (3.2%) experienced an adverse event considered related to study drug. IGA success after 40 weeks of active treatment was 66.5 percent for subjects continuing from the Phase III vehicle group (n=172) and 67.6 percent for subjects who continued Phase III E-BPO cream, 5% (n=363). The study ended early in accordance with the protocol.

LIMITATIONS: Safety and tolerability of E-BPO were not compared with those of unencapsulated BPO.

CONCLUSION: E-BPO cream, 5%, showed a favorable safety and tolerability profile during this 40-week, open-label extension study.

PMID:37636251 | PMC:PMC10452482